(一)词类相互间的关系。
1.形容词、数词通常修饰名词(有时名词也可以修饰另外一个名词),形容词还可修饰代词。例如:
1)the three tall and strong men are all basket-
(定语) (主) (谓) (定语)
ball players.(“主系表”结构)
(表语)
数词three和形容词tall , strong修饰名词men; 名词basketball修饰名词players.
2)the writer often writes something interesting
(主) (壮) (谓) (宾) (定)
about children. (“主胃宾”结构)
(定)
形容词interesting修饰不定代词something
2.副词常修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。例如:
(副词well修饰plays,副词quite修饰另一副词well.)
(副词very修饰形容词interesting)
以上的名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词称为实词,可以在句中单独做一定的成分。
3.冠词、介词、连词称为虚词,在句中不能单独构成句子成分。冠词只能用于名词前;介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语,才能作一定的成分(定语、状语和表语)。例如:
(介词短语of class two作定语,修饰the league members. 介词短语in the school yard作地点状语,修饰are having)
连词只起连接词、词组和句子的作用。
he is so young that he can’t go to school.
(that连接两句子)
(二)词类和句子成分的关系:
1.主语:是句子要说明的人和物,是句子的主体,一般放在句首。名词、代词常在句中作主语。此外,动名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可作主语。例如:
1)mr. chen is a greadt scientist. (名词作主语)
2)he reads newspapers every day. (代词作主)
3)smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)
4)to swim in kuming lake is a great pleasure. (动词不定式作主语)
5)what we shall do next is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语)
2.谓语:说明主语的动作和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。例如:
1)the new term begins on september 1st .(行为动词作谓语)
2)she seems tired. (连系动词作谓语)
3)he has gone to beijing. (行为动词作谓语)
3.宾语:及物动词涉及的人或物称为动词宾语。宾语一般放在及物动词(或相当于及物动词的短语)后。介词后的名词或代词称为介词宾语。名词、代词在句中常作宾语。此外,动词不定式、动名词和从句也可作宾语。例如:
1)wang ling lent me a novel. (代词me作间接宾语;名词a novel作直接宾语)
2)the medicine is good for a cough. ( 名词a cough作介词宾语)
3)my little sister always likes to ask questions. (不定式to ask questions作动词likes 的宾语)
4)his brother is good at playing chess. (动词名词playing chess作介词宾语)
5)would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? (coming作动词宾语)
4.宾语补足语(复合宾语的第二部分):在宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾补。名词、形容词、动词不定式和动名词可作宾补。(见前面简单句的五种基本句型五)