南京明孝陵导游词 篇1
各位游客：
明孝陵坐落在南京市钟山南麓独龙阜玩珠峰下，它是明朝开国皇帝朱元璋及皇后马氏的陵寝。为第一批全国重点文物保护单位。这座已有600多年历史的明代皇家陵墓以其墓主显赫、规模宏大、形制独特、环境优美而著称。20__年，明孝陵申报世界遗产成功，更使得这座开创明清皇陵制度的明孝陵成为了世人瞩目的焦点。
明孝陵经过600多年的历史沧桑，许多建筑物的木结构部分已不存在，但它的所有建筑遗存都完好地保留在原地，空间布局上完整如初，文化遗存所在的自然景观未受损坏，它们足以显示明孝陵在中国帝陵发展过程中所拥有的独特的设计理念、制度格局、营造规模和艺术成就。如今，分布于北京、湖北、河北等省、市的明清皇家陵寝都是以明孝陵的规制和模式而建造的，从这种意义上说，明孝陵不愧是一件天才的艺术杰作，是中国文化发展到高度成熟时期的一项综合性成果，它开创了明清帝陵的一代新制，在中国帝陵发展史中具有里程碑的价值和地位。
它是明初政治思想、社会文化、审美意识、建筑技术和国家财力的结晶。陵寝布局设计和建筑形式，具有鲜明的时代风格和典范精神。既继承了汉、唐、宋帝陵制度中的优秀成分，又创建了新的帝陵制度。明孝陵的陵寝制度，规范着明、清两代500多年帝陵建设的总体格局和风貌，其地位崇高，影响极为深远。
南京明孝陵导游词 篇2
各位游客：南京有“帝王之洲”之称，各个朝代在南京都留下了大批古迹和遗址。现在我们要去参观游览的是明孝陵。
【明孝陵的地理位置—选址经过—营建过程】
明孝陵是明朝开国皇帝朱元津和皇后马氏的合葬墓，它位于紫金山南麓独龙阜玩珠峰下，是南京规模最大，保存最完好的一座帝王陵墓。至今已有600多年的历史了。
中国历代帝王对陵地的选择非常慎重，特别注重选择“吉壤”之地，即风水宝地。每次外出选址，除派遣朝廷一、二品官员外，还要吸纳通晓地理、会看风水的方士参加。选好陵地后，皇帝还必须亲自审视现场，满意了才被最后确定下来。朱元璋登基后不久，就很关心自己死后的“天堂”，便开始筹划营建陵墓。据说，他曾把刘伯温、徐达、常遇春、汤和等大臣召来，商议选址。五人约定各自先把所选最佳墓址写在纸上，然后同时公开。结果，英雄所见略同，都写着“独龙阜玩珠峰”。
所以，朱元津陵墓的墓址就这样定了下来。独龙阜是一座位于紫金山主峰之下的小山丘，高150米，直径约400米，像是一座巨大的天然坟冢。中国的封建皇帝常把自身比作真龙天子，在独龙阜建陵，很符合封建迷信的要求。明孝陵于洪武九年(1376年)开始筹建，主管造陵工程的是中军都督府企事李新。当时，动用大量民工，迁走了前人留下来的几十座寺庙。自东晋、南朝以来，佛教在中国得到了广泛的传播，梁武帝甚至把佛教当作国教，因此南京寺庙林立。东晋时，有佛寺300多所，南朝增加到近500所，僧侣达10万之众。
唐代杜牧诗：“南朝四百八十寺，多少楼台烟雨中。”正是当年南京佛寺兴盛的写照。除了迁寺之外，甚至还迁走了不少前人的陵墓。但当要迁走三国时孙权的陵墓(在今南京梅花山上)时，朱元津说了一句话：“孙权也是一条好汉，留着他守门。”才没被迁走。洪武十五年(1382年)，第一期工程完成后，正好遇上马皇后去世，朱元津为她举行了隆重的葬礼，并将其灵枢葬人陵墓，封她为“孝慈皇后”，陵墓的名称也由此而来。
1383年，孝陵的主体工程大殿建成。1392年，皇太子朱标去世，葬在孝陵东，称为东陵。洪武三十一年(1398年)建成“大明孝陵神功圣德碑”，整个建陵工程才告结束，工程历时23年。朱元津临终前，曾留下遗命;“丧仪物一以俭素，不用金玉，孝陵山川因其故无所改，天下臣民三口皆释服，无妨嫁娶。”这显然是朱元璋收买人心的把戏。整座明孝陵可谓规模恢宏。
在漫长的23年工程建设中，耗尽了民脂民膏。当时墓区内植树万株，养鹿千头，派守的卫兵多达5700人。其范围之广，规模之大，在明代以前是少见的。而且朱元津下葬时，有40位嫔妃殉葬，其中2人葬在孝陵东、西两侧，38人从葬于孝陵。这暴露了中国封建统治阶级的残忍，他们不仅生前要享受荣华富豪，死后仍要“虽死犹生”，实行厚葬，不惜百姓性命。
南京明孝陵导游词 篇3
现在我们看到的是金水桥，金水桥的后方就是明孝陵的陵寝建筑，金水桥原本有五座，正对着陵宫的五座大门，后毁于清咸丰年间的战火，清代只重新修复了三座，我们可以看到桥面与桥基的石雕任然是明代遗物，桥栏为清代重修。从这里开始，建筑依照中国传统，坐北朝南，中轴对称。
顺坡而上，我们首先看到的是文武方门，这是陵宫的大门。它黄瓦，朱门，红墙，相互映衬，尽显皇家的气派。这座门是1988年根据史料重修的大门，在门前在墙外的东侧，有一座特别告示碑，立于宣统元年，上面用日德意法英俄六国文字书写，内容是告诫游人要保护孝陵。
进了文武方门，我们就来到了碑殿，碑殿原为孝陵享殿前的大门，因大门在太平天国的战火中，清同治年间将毁坏的大门改建为碑殿，殿内共有五块碑刻，正中一块上刻“治隆唐宋”，为康熙皇帝手书，意思是赞誉朱元璋治理国家的功绩超过了唐太宗李世民、宋太祖赵匡胤。作为满清皇帝的康熙如此昭示天下，一方面表示了他对朱元璋的尊重和钦佩之意，另一方面也是有其良苦用心的。康熙执政之初，汉人不服满人统治。康熙深知，光靠满人高压政策是不行的，还须依靠汉人。他一生六次南巡，五次亲谒明孝陵，行三跪九叩的大礼，并在1699年第三次南巡谒陵时题“治隆唐宋”，借此笼络人心。作为旁边两块是乾隆皇帝谒陵时所题的诗碑。后面还有两块卧碑分别记叙康熙皇帝第一次和第三次南巡时谒太祖陵的纪事，上面有两江总督陶岱以及江南织造郎中曹寅所书的记录。
这座建筑是孝陵原主要建筑享殿，即孝陵殿旧址，可以看到原有汉白玉的三层须弥座台基，台基高三米，三层台基的四角上还遗留石雕的螭首，台基前后各处踏跺三道。塌跺中置丹陛。上陛为“二龙戏珠”，中陛为“日照山河”，下陛为“天马行空”三层须弥座上为享殿，里面是供奉朱元璋及马皇后的神位。原来的殿宇毁于清咸丰年间的战火，我们现在看到台基地面上保留下来的56个巨大的石柱础，每个的直径都有0.91米，看到这里就不难想象当时的享殿是多么的壮观。当年的孝陵殿面阔九间，进深五间，重檐庑殿顶，上覆黄色琉璃瓦，斗拱挑檐，高大森严，当时孝陵的规模远比北京十三陵明成祖的长陵享殿要大。现在我们看到的是清代同治年间修复的三开间的小殿，规模已大不如前。
经过内红门，走过升仙桥，眼前的建筑就是方城，方城是宝顶前面的一座巨大建筑，外部用大条石与巨大的砖石砌成，方城东西两侧各有八字墙一堵，墙面四角饰有砖雕花纹，这些砖雕是明代初年的代表作品。穿过方城正中54级甬道，迎面就是宝城的南墙，正面可见用十三层条石垒筑，上书“此山明太祖之墓”七个大字，据说这七个字刻于民国初年，是用以回答游人询问的。
从宝城与方城之间的东西夹道折向南拾级而上，可以登上明楼，它原先是一座重檐歇山顶，上覆黄色琉璃瓦的精美建筑，后毁于清代太平天国的战火，仅存四壁，20xx年明楼加顶保护工程完成，已修复上午明楼于20xx年7月正式对游客开放，里面展出了明代分布在全国的十九处帝王陵墓的图片资料。
方城后面就是宝顶，它是一个直径325——400米的圆形大土丘，宝顶上树木参天，它的下面就是朱元璋马皇后埋葬的玄宫。宝城就是围绕宝顶周长约1100米的砖城。宝城宝顶的皇陵形制开创了明清500多年帝陵的先河。只是明代的宝顶大致为圆形，清代帝陵的宝顶改为椭圆形了。
今天在明孝陵的东侧还保存有明太子朱标的东陵遗址，在当年明孝陵陵区钟山之阴还建有数座明代功臣墓。
中国古代的帝王陵墓形制最初为秦汉时的方上，代表陵墓为陕西的秦始皇陵，唐代改为依山为陵，代表陵墓有陕西唐高宗李治与女皇武则天的唐乾陵，宋代帝王陵为规模比较小的方上，明代朱元璋首创了宝城宝顶、前朝后寝的陵墓形式。
明朝自1368年建都，至1644年灭亡，前后有16位皇帝，除南京明孝陵外，其余皇陵均在北京，只有建文帝朱允炆没有陵墓。诸多的明代陵墓遗存给我们留下了无数观赏之处。
中国古代陵墓作为中国文化的遗存，为后人研究与了解中国古代经济与文化留下了重要的实物资料。各位游客朋友，我们今天的参观就要这里结束，感谢大家对我的导游工作的配合，欢迎您再次游览明孝陵!
南京明孝陵导游词 篇4
各位游客：过了御河桥，折向西北就是陵墓的神道。神道分为两段：第一段为东西向，名石象路，因路上有高大的石象而得名。石象路长615米，路上两侧分列6种12对共24只石兽，每种4只，两蹲两立，自东向西排列着狮、獬豸、骆驼、象、麒麟和马。这些石兽各有寓意：狮为百兽之王，显示帝王的威严，它既是皇权的象征，又起到镇魔辟邪的作用；獬豸是“神羊”，独角、狮身、青毛，秉性忠直，能明辨是非，相传舜帝时管刑法的官员皋陶豢养獬豸，如果遇到两人争斗，它能用角抵触无理有罪的人，后人奉它为公正的神兽，在这里用来标榜皇帝是执法如山的圣明天子；骆驼象征着沙漠与热带，表示大明疆域辽阔，皇帝威镇四方；大象是兽中巨物，性格温良，寓有“顺民”的意思，另外它四腿粗壮有力，坚如磐石，表示国家江山的稳固；麒麟是传说中的“四灵”(麟、凤、龟、龙)之首，它是披鳞甲、不履生草、不食生物的仁兽，雄的叫麒，雌的叫麟，象征“仁义之君”和吉祥、光明；马，在古代是帝王南征北战、统一江山的重要坐骑，在战火纷飞的战场上常常立下汗马功劳，它具有“老马识途”的智慧，“马不停蹄”的能耐，“一马当先”的奉献精神和忠于职守的高尚品德，为历代封建统治者所钟爱。明孝陵神道的6种石兽中，以象为最大，重达80吨，都取材于江苏大连山。当时为了将这些石兽运抵明孝陵，冬季时，在路面上洒水结成冰，再用粗大的竹、木作滚轴，用让众人一路上推滚的办法来完成运输任务。石兽尽处，神道折向正北。这一段神道从望柱起到根星门止，长250米，俗称翁仲路。
现在我们看到的这对圆形擎天柱，上面刻有蟠龙纹饰，这就是华表。华表在古代通常用作陵墓、宫殿、宗庙的标志。其实原先的华表与我们现在见到的不一样，它是一根木柱，后来演变为在靠近木柱顶部安上短的横木或木板，把它竖立在交通要道或是朝堂上，让人书写谏言，或是起到表识作用。这种表柱也叫柜表，因为远看好像一朵花，而古时候花与华是相通的，所以又叫华表。墓前立华表始于战国时的燕昭王，到西汉时已很盛行，但当时也都是木制的。用石柱作华表，直到东汉才盛行，东汉时的石柱周围有瓜棱形直纹，柱上还题刻着“某官职某某神道”的字样。到南朝梁代，石柱上端出现了莲花纹因盖及蹲坐的小辟邪。唐乾陵的`石柱、柱身、柱础、柱顶出现了卷草纹雕饰。宋陵石柱通体都刻有龙纹。由于受宗教的影响，柱顶端也逐渐演变成承露盘和立在上面的望天犼。华表上的犼头朝外，表示望君归；华表上的犼头朝里，表示望君出。由于犼性好望，所以凡有石犼蹲立的华表又称“望柱”。不知大家发现没有，从明孝陵神道到这对华表为止改变了走向，呈南北向，而不像其他皇陵呈直线排列。据说这是为了绕开孙权陵墓，遵守朱元津不迁孙陵，让他为朱元津看守大门的诺言，所以使神道呈弯月形，环抱着梅花山。每到初春时分，漫山遍野的梅花吐艳，宛如一片“香雪海”。
南京明孝陵导游词 篇5
Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty is located at the foot of MountQomolangma in Dulong Fuwan, south of Zhongshan Mountain in Nanjing. It is themausoleum of the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang and empress Ma Shi. It is thefirst batch of national key cultural relics protection units. This royalmausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, which has a history of more than 600 years, isfamous for its prominent owner, large scale, unique shape and beautifulenvironment. In 20__, the Ming Xiaoling was successfully declared as a worldheritage site, which made the Ming Xiaoling, which initiated the imperialmausoleum system of Ming and Qing Dynasties, become the focus of worldattention.
After more than 600 years of historical vicissitudes, the wooden structureof many buildings no longer exists, but all of its architectural remains areintact in place, the spatial layout is intact, and the natural landscape wherethe cultural remains are located is not damaged. They are enough to show theunique design concept, system pattern, construction scale and cultural value ofMing Xiaoling in the development process of Chinese imperial mausoleum Artisticachievements. Nowadays, the Royal mausoleums of Ming and Qing Dynastiesdistributed in Beijing, Hubei, Hebei and other provinces and cities are allbuilt according to the regulation and mode of Ming Xiaoling. In this sense, MingXiaoling is a masterpiece of art and a comprehensive achievement in the highlymature period of Chinese culture. It has created a new generation of Ming andQing Imperial Mausoleums and has a long history in the development of ChineseImperial Mausoleums The value and status of the monument.
It is the crystallization of political thought, social culture, aestheticconsciousness, architectural technology and national financial resources in theearly Ming Dynasty. The layout design and architectural form of the mausoleumhave distinctive style of the times and exemplary spirit. It not only inheritedthe excellent elements of the imperial mausoleum system of Han, Tang and SongDynasties, but also created a new imperial mausoleum system. The mausoleumsystem of Xiaoling in Ming Dynasty regulated the overall pattern and style ofmausoleum construction in Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 500 years. Itsstatus was lofty and its influence was far-reaching.
南京明孝陵导游词 篇6
Dear tourists, the scenic spot we are going to visit is the Ming XiaolingMausoleum, which is located in Dulong, Mt. Zijin. Xiaoling Tomb of the MingDynasty is the joint Tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, andhis Empress Ma Shi. Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 to a poor peasant family inFengyang, Anhui Province. He joined Huangjue temple at the age of 17, joined thered scarf army of Guo Zixing at the end of the Yuan Dynasty in 1352, led thearmy to conquer Nanjing in 1356, and ascended the throne in 1368.
Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty was built in 1381. In 1382, it wasburied in empress Ma Shi. In 1398, it was buried here after Zhu Yuanzhang diedof illness. The project was not completed until 1413. It was named Xiaolingbecause Zhu Yuanzhang advocated "governing the world with filial piety" on theone hand, and because empress Ma was posthumously named "Xiaoci" on the other.Therefore, the tomb was called "Xiaoling" in the Ming Dynasty and "Xiaoling" inthe Qing Dynasty to show the difference between dynasties.
Relying on Zijin Mountain, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum has a windingShinto. The mausoleum abides by the tradition of Chinese architecture, and itscentral axis is symmetrical. It is the first Mausoleum of Baocheng Baoding. Themausoleum shape of the former dynasty and the later Dynasty is the firstMausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 600 years. As a nationalkey cultural relic protection unit, it was listed in the world cultural heritagelist in 20__.
What we see now is the first gate of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, dajinmen.In those days, a 45 Li external wall extended from both sides of dajinmen,including the whole Zijinshan.
The roof and gate of the old golden gate, which was covered with yellowglazed tiles, have disappeared. Only the castle and the three arches.
Over the golden gate, we came to Sifang city. It turned out to be a stelePavilion. Because the top of the pavilion was destroyed by the war in XianfengPeriod of Qing Dynasty, only four walls and four door tickets were left. Eachside is 26.86 meters long, just like an ancient castle. So Nanjing peoplecommonly call it Sifang city. There is a tablet of "the miraculous work of theXiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty" in the city, which is 6.7 meters highIt's 2.08 meters high and called Mian. It's said that it's one of the nine sonsof the dragon. It's very heavy. This tablet is the largest Ming tablet inNanjing. The inscription is written by Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty.It has 2746 words and is divided into seven parts. First, it describes his lifeexperience and was born in Jurong family. Second, it asks for the people'sorders and makes a great fortune. Third, it calms down the world, ascends thethrone and becomes emperor, cezhonggong and the crown prince, and is granted thesame surname. Fourth, it abolishes Zhongshu and sets up six departments to takecharge of military power. Fifth, it attaches importance to talents and the studyof founding a nation; 6、 He lived a simple life, and asked him to be buried withMa after his death in Xiaoling; 7. The name of 57 royal children and 144 fourcharacter eulogies, the inscription is a high praise of Zhu Yuanzhang's life.The completion of the monument of the great Ming Xiaoling was in 1413, whichmarks the end of the Ming Xiaoling project. Behind Zhu Di's great contributionto Zhu Yuanzhang, in fact, he built up his own prestige in Dashu, so as to showthe legitimacy of inheriting the throne. He originally sent tens of thousands ofmigrant workers to chisel a huge stele in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. If thecap, body and base of the stele were 72 meters high, they were too huge tocarry, so they were abandoned.
After passing the Yuhe bridge, we come to the Shinto of the XiaolingMausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. The Shinto is divided into two sections. Thefirst section is Shixiang road. On both sides of the road, there are six kindsof Stone Beasts, four in each group, standing on both sides and squatting onboth sides. Kirin is the king of animals, symbolizing the majesty of kings, andChina _ s legendary law beast, symbolizing the integrity of kings; camels arethe boats of the desert, showing the vast territory of Ming Dynasty and thetranquility of the western regions of the country; the elephant is a symbol ofthe country and the people, and the people are obedient; the unicorn is a kindof monster of Chinese mythology and legend, symbolizing the benevolence of theemperor. The last animal to see is a horse, which symbolizes loyalty to theemperor. The main purpose of placing these stone beasts on both sides of theShinto is to record Zhu Yuanzhang's achievements, to show the prosperity of theMing Dynasty, and to pray for the suppression of demons and evil spirits.
Walking along the stone statue Road, the second section of Shinto,wengzhong Road, lies ahead. There is a pair of pillar at the intersection, whichis also called Huabiao. The Shinto standing in front of the mausoleum is alsocalled lingbiao. There is the function of indicating the road here. From here,Shinto begins to turn due north. On wengzhong Road, there were two pairs ofmilitary generals, who were wearing armor and holding a wat board in theirhands. They were burly, and two pairs of civil ministers, who were wearing courtclothes and holding wat boards in their hands, were solemn. They are a pair ofyoung people and a pair of middle-aged people respectively, which indicates thatthere are successors in Daming. At the end of the Shinto Road, there is aLingxing gate with six pillars and three gates. The original gate was destroyedin the war in Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now the Lingxing gate isrestored in 20__ according to historical data. This is the ceremonial gate forvisiting the mausoleum.
On the east side of Shixiang Road, there is a hill called Meihua Mountain.Shinto turns a bend around Meihua Mountain. It turns out that this mountain wasthe mausoleum of Sun Quan in the eastern Wu Dynasty. During the construction ofthe Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, someone suggested that thismausoleum should be removed. However, Zhu Yuanzhang said, "Sun Quan is also ahero. Let me see the gate." so the Shinto curved and became the natural barrierof the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. Now it has become a famous plumappreciation base in Nanjing.
Now we see the Jinshui bridge. Behind the Jinshui bridge is the mausoleumbuilding of Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty. There were five Jinshui bridgesfacing the five gates of the mausoleum palace, which were destroyed by the warin Xianfeng Period of Qing Dynasty. Only three of them were restored in QingDynasty. We can see that the stone carvings on the bridge deck and bridgefoundation are still relics of Ming Dynasty, and the bridge railings wererebuilt in Qing Dynasty. Starting from here, the building is in accordance withChinese tradition, with the north facing south and the central axissymmetrical.
Up the slope, the first thing we see is the square gate of Wenwu, which isthe gate of the mausoleum palace. Its yellow tile, red door and red wall set offeach other, showing the royal style. This gate was rebuilt in 1988 according tohistorical materials. In front of the gate, on the east side of the wall, thereis a special notice tablet, which was erected in the first year of Xuantong. Itis written in the characters of Japan, Germany, Italy, France, Britain andRussia. The content is to warn visitors to protect Xiaoling.
Entering the Wenwu square gate, we come to the Beidian. The Beidian wasoriginally the gate in front of the Xiaoling hall. Because the gate wasdestroyed in the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the destroyed gate wasrebuilt into a Beidian in the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. There are fiveinscriptions in the hall. In the middle of the five inscriptions, "Zhilong Tangand Song Dynasty" is inscribed in the handwriting of Emperor Kangxi, which meansthat Zhu Yuanzhang's achievements in governing the country surpass those ofEmperor Taizong Li Shimin and Emperor Songtai in the Tang Dynasty Zhao Kuangyin.Kangxi, as the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, showed his respect and admirationfor Zhu Yuanzhang on the one hand, and on the other hand, he had his own goodintentions. At the beginning of the reign of Kangxi, the Han people did notaccept the Manchu rule. Kangxi knew that it was not enough to rely on theManchu's high pressure policy alone, but also on the Han people. He visitedXiaoling of Ming Dynasty six times and five times in his life. He knelt downthree times and kowtowed nine times. In 1699, when he visited Xiaoling of MingDynasty for the third time, he wrote "Zhilong Tang and Song Dynasty" to win thehearts of the people. Next to them are two steles inscribed by Emperor Qianlongwhen he visited the mausoleum. There are also two lying steles on the back,which respectively record the first and third visits to Taizu mausoleum duringEmperor Kangxi's southern tour. There are records written by Tao Dai, governorof Liangjiang and Cao Yin, weaving doctor in Jiangnan.
This building is the former site of Xiaoling hall, which is the mainbuilding of Xiaoling. You can see the three-story xumizuo platform base of theoriginal white marble. The platform base is three meters high. The four cornersof the three-story platform base are still left with stone carved head. Thereare three steps around the platform base. It's the middle of the road. On thethird floor of xumizuo is the hall of enjoyment, which is dedicated to ZhuYuanzhang and empress ma. The original palace was destroyed by the war inXianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now we can see 56 huge stone pillars on theplatform foundation, each with a diameter of 0.91 meters. It's easy to imaginehow spectacular the hall was at that time. At that time, the hall of Xiaolingwas nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, with double eaves, covered with yellowglazed tiles and a bucket arch overhanging eaves. The scale of Xiaoling was muchlarger than that of Changling Hall of Ming Chengzu in Beijing. What we see nowis the three Bay small hall restored during the reign of Tongzhi in the QingDynasty, which is not as large as before.
Passing through the inner red gate and the Shengxian bridge, the buildingin front of you is Fangcheng. Fangcheng is a huge building in front of Baoding.The outside is made of big stones and huge bricks. There are eight characterwalls on the East and west sides of Fangcheng. The four corners of the wall aredecorated with brick carvings. These brick carvings are representative works ofthe early Ming Dynasty. Passing through the 54th level corridor in the center ofFangcheng, you can see the south wall of Baocheng. On the front of the wall, youcan see that it is built with 13 layers of stones. It is said that the sevencharacters were engraved in the early years of the Republic of China to answervisitors' questions.
From the East-West corridor between Baocheng and Fangcheng, you can climbto the minglou. It was originally a beautiful building with double eaves andyellow glazed tiles. It was destroyed by the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdomin the Qing Dynasty. Only four walls are left. In 20__, the minglou protectionproject was completed, and it has been restored. In July 20__, the minglou wasofficially opened to tourists, showing the distribution of Ming Dynasty in ChinaThere are 19 mausoleums of emperors in China.
Behind the Fangcheng is Baoding, which is a large round mound with adiameter of 325-400m. On the top of the mound are towering trees, and below itis the palace where empress Ma of Zhu Yuanzhang was buried. Baocheng is a brickcity with a circumference of 1100 meters around Baoding. The imperial mausoleumin Baoding of Baocheng city is the first mausoleum in Ming and Qing Dynastiesfor more than 500 years. It's just that the Ming Dynasty's top is roughly round,while the Qing Dynasty's Mausoleum's top is oval.
Today, the east side of the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty haspreserved the site of the Dongling Mausoleum of Zhu Biao, Prince of the MingDynasty.
In ancient China, the imperial mausoleum was originally built in Fangshangof Qin and Han Dynasties. The representative mausoleum was Qinshihuang Mausoleumin Shaanxi Province. In Tang Dynasty, it was changed to the mausoleum near themountain. The representative mausoleum included Tang Qianling Mausoleum of LiZhi, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian of Shaanxi Province.In Song Dynasty, the imperial mausoleum was built in Fangshang of relativelysmall scale. In Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang initiated the mausoleum form ofBaocheng Baoding mausoleum and former dynasty and later Dynasty mausoleum.
The Ming Dynasty established its capital in 1368 and perished in 1644.There were 16 emperors before and after it. Except for the Ming XiaolingMausoleum in Nanjing, the rest of the mausoleums were in Beijing. Only JianwenEmperor Zhu Yunwen had no mausoleum. Many tombs of the Ming Dynasty have left uscountless places to watch.
As the remains of Chinese culture, ancient Chinese mausoleums have leftimportant material materials for later generations to study and understandancient Chinese economy and culture. Dear tourist friends, today's visit iscoming to an end. Thank you for your cooperation in my tour guide work. Welcometo visit Ming Xiaoling again!
南京明孝陵导游词 篇7
过了华表，这由南往北排列着的是8个石人，其中4个文臣，4个武将，人们也把它们叫做石翁仲，因此这段路又叫翁仲路。传说翁件原是秦始皇时的一名大力士，名叫阮翁仲，此人身高一丈三尺，勇猛元比，曾驻守临洮(今甘肃岷县)，镇服匈奴有功。死后，秦始皇为了纪念他，便铸了阮翁仲铜像，立在咸阳官司马门外。匈奴人来咸阳，远远看见这尊铜像，都畏惧不敢靠近。从此以后，人们就把铜像、石像通称为“翁仲”了。这些翁仲全部用整块石料雕凿而成，文臣身穿朝服，端庄肃穆;武将披甲戴盔，威武雄壮。这些石人像和前面的石兽同为明代石雕艺术的珍品。
【明孝陵主体建筑：金水桥—文武坊门—碑殿—孝陵殿—方城—明楼—宝顶】
走完3里神道，明孝陵的引导建筑便参观完毕了。接着请大家跟我往北前行，去参观明孝陵的主体建筑。
首先我们来到了金水桥前，金水桥为三孔石桥，桥面设有栏杆。从金水桥直到方城、宝顶，方向为正南北，建筑按中轴线对称配置。
从金水桥向北200米，顺坡而上，这就是明孝陵主体建筑的正门，名叫文武坊门。门上嵌有青石碑一方，宽1.99米，高1.07米，阴刻馏金“明孝陵”3个大宇，为曾国藩所题，边饰云龙花纹。现在的大门等建筑是清同治四年(1865年)重建的。门外东侧墙下，立有一块“特别告示碑”，高1.05米，宽0.63米，用日、德、意、英、法、俄六国文字镌刻，内容是保护明孝陵的告示。这块碑是清宣统元年(1909年)两江洋务总局道台和江宁知府会衔竖立的。
进人文武坊正门，是一座清代同治八年(1869年)所建的碑殿。碑殿正中竖立着高大的石碑5块，中间一块最为醒目，上书“治隆唐宋”四个大字，这是清圣祖玄烨于康熙三十八年(1699年)第三次南巡拜谒明孝陵时题写的。意思是赞扬明太祖的功绩胜过了唐宗家祖。这块碑高3.85米，宽1.42米，碑下有座。碑的两侧，还有两块立碑，分别刻有乾隆巡谒明孝陵时的两首题诗。
由碑殿向北55米，是享殿。从正门到享殿，地上用巨石铺成一条宽1.6米的御道。享殿原名孝陵殿，是明孝陵的主要建筑，于洪武十六年(1383年)建成。我们现在看到的是清同治十二年重建的享殿，殿为3间，檐高3.11米，长11米，进深7米，规模比原来的孝陵殿小得多。殿内挂着的是朱元津与马皇后画像的复制品。殿的`前后各有踏垛三道，这中央踏垛居中部分称“陛”，上陛为“二龙戏珠”，中陛为“日照山河”，下陛为“天马行空”，均为浮雕图案。
穿过内红门，走过大石桥，一座全部用大条石筑成的大型建筑便呈现在我们面前，这就是方城。它前高16.25米，后高民13米，东西长75.26米，南北宽31米，东西两侧有八字墙。方城正中是一个高大的拱门，拱门内是一条深长的隧道，由54级石阶组成，出隧道分左右二石阶，向南登上方城，便是明楼所在。
明楼俗称“马娘娘梳妆台”，东西长39.15米，南北宽18.40米。南面开拱门3个，东、西、北三面各开拱门一个，楼内地面用方砖铺地。明楼原来是有顶的，现仅存四壁。方城和明楼是明代的创新，明以前的帝王陵墓都没有这样的建筑。在宝顶前面建造一座高大的方城和明楼，其中又夹以深送的隧道，更增加了庄严肃穆的气氛，显示出帝王的无比威严。
方城之后就是宝顶，也叫宝城，只见正面的石壁上横刻着“此山明太祖之墓”7个楷书大字。据说，它刻于民国初年，用以回答游人的提问。宝城是一座近似圆形的小丘，直径约325米到400米，四周围有砖墙，墙以条石作基础，依山就势而筑，高约7米，墙顶厚度2.I米。宝顶之上，树木参天，明太祖和马皇后的地宫就在这宝顶之下。据说，这地宫完全按南京明故宫前朝后寝形式建造。根据专家考证，据陵墓地面建筑的规模估计，这座地下宫殿必定大于北京昌平十三陵中已发掘的第十个陵墓“定陵”。但由于种.种原因，至今未曾得到发掘，一旦发掘，必将又是一大奇观。
各位游客：明孝陵的导游讲解就到此结束，大家如果有什么问题要问，我将尽量满足你们。现在清随我一起上车，去游览下一个景点。